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- Title
Altered Signal Transduction in the Immune Response to Influenza Virus and S. pneumoniae or S. aureus Co-Infections.
- Authors
Wilden, Janine J.; Jacob, Jasmin C.; Ehrhardt, Christina; Ludwig, Stephan; Boergeling, Yvonne
- Abstract
Influenza virus is a well-known respiratory pathogen, which still leads to many severe pulmonary infections in the human population every year. Morbidity and mortality rates are further increased if virus infection coincides with co-infections or superinfections caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This enhanced pathogenicity is due to complex interactions between the different pathogens and the host and its immune system and is mainly governed by altered intracellular signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the innate and adaptive immune responses during co-infection with influenza virus and S. pneumoniae or S. aureus, describing the signaling pathways involved and how these interactions influence disease outcomes.
- Subjects
INFLUENZA A virus; INFLUENZA viruses; CELLULAR signal transduction; IMMUNE response; VIRUS diseases; MYCOPLASMA pneumoniae infections; STREPTOCOCCUS pneumoniae
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, Vol 22, Issue 11, p5486
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms22115486