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- Title
Trajectory of vitamin D, micronutrient status and childhood growth in exclusively breastfed children.
- Authors
Liao, Sui-Ling; Yao, Tsung-Chieh; Hua, Man-Chin; Tsai, Ming-Han; Hsu, Shih-Yun; Chen, Li-Chen; Yeh, Kuo-Wei; Chiu, Chih-Yung; Lai, Shen-Hao; Huang, Jing-Long
- Abstract
This study aimed to compare the trajectory of serum 25(OH)D, micronutrient levels, and anthropometric measurements between exclusively breastfed and mixed-fed children. This is a prospective cohort study. Anthropometric measurements of the children were obtained during scheduled clinical visits. Tests for 25(OHD), ferritin, zinc and complete blood count were performed yearly until 3 years of age. Clinical records and questionnaires on dietary habits were obtained. The results showed that despite official recommendations on vitamin D/iron supplements for breastfed children, less than 10% of our exclusively breastfed children received regular supplements. Thus, after 1 year, the odds for having iron deficiency anemia and vitamin D insufficiency were 9 [95% CI, 4–19] and 6 [95% CI, 2–16], respectively. Longitudinal follow-up showed the prevalence of iron deficiency to decrease from 34% at 1 year to 2% at age 3 years. However, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency remained persistently high throughout the first three years of life (60% at 1 to 44% at 3 years). Very few children had zinc deficiency. Anthropometric measurements showed exclusively breastfed children to have lower mean z-scores for body weight and height when compared to mixed-fed children after 12 months. In conclusion, children who were exclusively breastfed for longer than 4 months without proper supplement were more likely to have transient iron deficiency anemia and persistent vitamin D insufficiency. Their growth became relatively slower after infancy. Whether this was associated with underlying inadequate serum vitamin D and iron level remains an important issue to be explored.
- Subjects
VITAMIN D; MICRONUTRIENTS; ANEMIA; CHILDREN'S health; QUESTIONNAIRES
- Publication
Scientific Reports, 2019, Vol 9, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2045-2322
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1038/s41598-019-55341-1