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- Title
Children sustain high levels of skin DNA photodamage, with a modest increase of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>, after a summer holiday in Northern Europe.
- Authors
Rogowski‐Tylman, M.; Narbutt, J.; Lesiak, A.; Philipsen, P.A.; Heydenreich, J.; Olsen, P.; Wulf, H.C.; Sandberg Liljendahl, T.; Segerbäck, D.; Chlebna‐Sokol, D.; Harrison, G.I.; Young, A.R.; Pearson, A.; Baczynska, K.
- Abstract
Summary: Background: Childhood solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure increases the risk of skin cancer in adulthood, which is associated with mutations caused by UVR‐induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). Solar UVR is also the main source of vitamin D, essential for healthy bone development in children. Objectives: To assess the impact of a 12‐day Baltic Sea (54° N) beach holiday on serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and CPD in 32 healthy Polish children (skin types I–IV). Methods: Blood and urine were collected before and after the holiday and assessed for 25(OH)D3 and excreted CPD, respectively, and personal UVR exposure was measured. Diaries were used to record sunbathing, sunburn and sunscreen use. Before‐ and after‐holiday skin redness and pigmentation were measured by reflectance spectroscopy. Results: The average ± SD daily exposure UVR dose was 2·4 ± 1·5 standard erythema doses (SEDs), which is borderline erythemal. The mean concentration of 25(OH)D3 increased (× 1·24 ± 0·19) from 64·7 ± 13·3 to 79·3 ± 18·7 nmol L−1 (P < 0·001). Mean CPD increased 12·6 ± 10·0‐fold from 26·9 ± 17·9 to 248·9 ± 113·4 fmol μmol−1 creatinine (P < 0·001). Increased 25(OH)D3 was accompanied by a very much greater increase in DNA damage associated with carcinogenic potential. Overall, skin type had no significant effects on behavioural, clinical or analytical outcomes, but skin types I/II had more CPD (unadjusted P = 0·0496) than skin types III/IV at the end of the holiday. Conclusions: Careful consideration must be given to the health outcomes of childhood solar exposure, and a much better understanding of the risk–benefit relationships of such exposure is required. Rigorous photoprotection is necessary for children, even in Northern Europe. What's already known about this topic? Tenerife and skiing holiday studies in adults have shown an ultraviolet (UV)B‐dependent increase in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and potentially mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) that may initiate skin cancer.Childhood solar UV radiation exposure increases the risk of skin cancer in adulthood, but no study has assessed the risks and benefits of solar UV radiation in children on holiday. What does this study add? Relatively low daily UV radiation doses in children at a Baltic Sea summer camp resulted in a modest but significant improvement in 25(OH)D3 (24%) but a very much greater increase in CPD (1162%).The children had the same level of CPD as adults who had higher UV radiation doses over a shorter holiday in Tenerife.These results stress the importance of rigorous photoprotection in the young. Linked Comment: Webb. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:822–823. Respond to this article
- Subjects
ULTRAVIOLET radiation; RISK factors of skin cancer; CYCLOBUTANE; VITAMIN D; ERYTHEMA
- Publication
British Journal of Dermatology, 2018, Vol 179, Issue 4, p940
- ISSN
0007-0963
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/bjd.16668