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- Title
Subcritical water extraction of Gracilaria chorda abbreviates lipid accumulation and obesity-induced inflammation.
- Authors
Thakuri, Laxmi Sen; Chul Min Park; Jin Woo Park; Hyeon-A Kim; Dong Young Rhyu
- Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the Gracilaria chorda (GC) on lipid accumulation and obesity-induced inflammatory changes or glucose homeostasis in cell models (3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages). Samples of GC were extracted using solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol) and subcritical water (SW) at different temperatures (90, 150, and 210°C). The total phenolic content of GCSW extract at 210°C (GCSW210) showed the highest content compared to others, and GCSW210 highly inhibited lipid accumulation and significantly reduced gene expressions of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-a, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, GCSW210 effectively downregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine regulator pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducers and activators of transcription and nuclear factor-κB. In co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages, GCSW210 significantly reduced nitric oxide production and interleukin-6 levels, and improved glucose uptake with dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that GCSW210 improves glucose metabolism by attenuating obesity-induced inflammation in adipocytes, which may be used as a possible treatment option for managing obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
- Subjects
FATTY acid synthases; GRACILARIA; MITOGEN-activated protein kinases; GENE enhancers; TYPE 2 diabetes; LIPIDS; MITOGENS
- Publication
Algae, 2023, Vol 38, Issue 1, p81
- ISSN
1226-2617
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.4490/algae.2023.38.12.26