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- Title
The Association Between Pregame Snacks and Exercise Intensity, Stress, and Fatigue in Children.
- Authors
Sacheck, Jennifer M.; Rasmussen, Helen M.; Hall, Meghan M.; Kafka, Tamar; Blumberg, Jeffrey B.; Economos, Christina D.
- Abstract
To investigate the association between pregame snacks varying in macronutrient content and exercise intensity, physiological stress, and fatigue in young soccer players. One hour before a 50-min soccer game, children (n = 79; 9.1 ± 0.8 y) were randomly assigned to consume a raisin-, peanut-butter-, or cereal-based snack. Body mass index, blood glucose, and salivary measures of stress (cortisol and immunoglobulin A-IgA) were measured pre- and post-game. Exercise intensity was measured by accelerometry. Self-administered questionnaires were used to assess diet quality and fatigue. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the relationship between pregame snacks and biochemical outcomes. Postgame glucose and cortisol increased [12.9 ± 21.3 mg/dL (p < .001) and 0.04 ± 0.10 μg/dL (p < .05), respectively] and IgA decreased (–2.3 ± 9.6 μg/mL; p < .001) from pregame values. The pregame snack was not associated with exercise intensity or post-game outcome; however, children consuming the cereal-based (high-sugar and high-glycemic index (GI)) snack exercised more intensely than the 2 lower-GI snack groups (p < .05). Children who consumed the high-sugar, high-GI snack also reported more symptoms of fatigue (p < .05). A high-sugar, high-GI pregame snack was associated with exercise intensity and fatigue but not changes in blood sugar or stress biomarkers following a soccer game in children.
- Subjects
MASSACHUSETTS; BLOOD sugar analysis; SALIVA analysis; IMMUNOGLOBULIN analysis; ANALYSIS of covariance; ANTHROPOMETRY; CHILDREN'S health; CHILD nutrition; CLINICAL trials; STATISTICAL correlation; EXERCISE physiology; FATIGUE (Physiology); FOOD composition; SUGAR content of food; GLYCEMIC index; GRAIN; GRAPES; HYDROCORTISONE; NUTRITIONAL assessment; NUTRITIONAL requirements; PEANUTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RESEARCH evaluation; STATISTICAL sampling; SCALE analysis (Psychology); SELF-evaluation; SNACK foods; SOCCER; STATISTICS; PHYSIOLOGICAL stress; T-test (Statistics); DATA analysis; BODY mass index; RANDOMIZED controlled trials; ACCELEROMETRY; PRE-tests &; post-tests; EXERCISE intensity; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; CHILDREN
- Publication
Pediatric Exercise Science, 2014, Vol 26, Issue 2, p159
- ISSN
0899-8493
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1123/pes.2013-0067