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- Title
Hope, optimism, self‐efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta‐analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies.
- Authors
Gallagher, Matthew W.; Long, Laura J.; Phillips, Colleen A.
- Abstract
Objective: The present meta‐analysis consolidated research examining how positive expectancies (e.g., hope, self‐efficacy, and optimism) may protect against the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Articles were identified by searching PILOTS, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases. Results: Aggregated results from 154 studies indicated that positive expectancies were associated with lower levels of PTSD symptoms. This relationship was stronger for coping‐specific self‐efficacy (k = 38, r = −.49; −.54 to −.43) and hope (k = 20, r = −.34; −.39 to −.28) compared with general self‐efficacy (k = 45, r = −.25; −.30 to −.20) and optimism (k = 59, r = −.29; −.33 to −.25) when examining cross‐sectional studies, and results were consistent in prospective studies. Age and gender did not moderate the cross‐sectional relationships. Conclusions: These findings indicate that positive expectancies predict post‐trauma resilience. Future research should identify moderators and examine positive expectancies as mechanisms of change in therapy.
- Subjects
POST-traumatic stress disorder; SELF-efficacy; OPTIMISM; HOPE; CROSS-sectional method
- Publication
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2020, Vol 76, Issue 3, p329
- ISSN
0021-9762
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/jclp.22882