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- Title
Breast Milk CD4<sub>+</sub> T Cells Express High Levels of C Chemokine Receptor 5 and CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 and Are Preserved in HIV-Infected Mothers Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
- Authors
Kourtis, Athena P.; Ibegbu, Chris C.; Theiler, Regan; Yong-Xian Xu; Bansil, Pooja; Jamieson, Denise J.; Lindsay, Michael; Butera, Salvatore; Duerr, Ann
- Abstract
Background. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to the infant through breast-feeding is a major problem worldwide; however, the biological circumstances of such transmission remain unclear. Little characterization of breast milk CD4+ T lymphocytes has been done so far. Methods. We performed a detailed immunophenotypic analysis of T lymphocytes in the breast milk, compared with the blood, of HIV-uninfected (n= 9) and HIV-infected (n = 10) women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, by use of multiparameter flow cytometry. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric comparisons were performed using SAS software (version 9.1; SAS Institute). Results. In uninfected women, 44%–78% of breast milk CD4+ T cells expressed the C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), whereas 26%–73% of cells coexpressed CCR5 and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). In contrast, only 7%–20% of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells expressed CCR5 and 1%–20% coexpressed CCR5 and CXCR4. The level of CCR5 expression in CD4+ T cells in breast milk was higher than in blood. In HIV-infected women, the high frequency of CD4+CCR5+ T cells in breast milk was preserved. Conclusions. A majority of CD4+ T cells in breast milk express high levels of CCR5 and CXCR4. Unlike other mucosal immune sites, in which CD4+CCR5+ T cells are rapidly eliminated by HIV, these cells are preserved in breast milk during HIV infection.
- Subjects
HIV infection transmission; BREASTFEEDING; BREAST milk; LYMPHOCYTES; CHEMOKINES; HIV-positive women; ANTIVIRAL agents
- Publication
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2007, Vol 195, Issue 7, p965
- ISSN
0022-1899
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1086/512082