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- Title
Anti-cancer effect of Annona Muricata Linn Leaves Crude Extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell line.
- Authors
Faruq Syed Najmuddin, Syed Umar; Firdaus Romli, Muhammad; Hamid, Muhajir; Alitheen, Noorjahan Banu; Nik Abd Rahman, Nik Mohd Afizan
- Abstract
Background: Annona muricata Linn which comes from Annonaceae family possesses many therapeutic benefits as reported in previous studies and to no surprise, it has been used in many cultures to treat various ailments including headaches, insomnia, and rheumatism to even treating cancer. However, Annona muricata Linn obtained from different cultivation area does not necessarily offer the same therapeutic effects towards breast cancer (in regards to its bioactive compound production). In this study, anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects of Annona muricata crude extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. Methods: A screening of nineteen samples of Annona muricata from different location was determined by MTT assay on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and 4 T1) which revealed a varied potency (IC50) amongst them. Then, based on the IC50 profile from the anti-proliferative assay, further downward assays such as cell cycle analysis, Annexin V/FITC, AO/PI, migration, invasion, and wound healing assay were performed only with the most potent leaf aqueous extract (B1 AMCE) on 4 T1 breast cancer cell line to investigate its anti-cancer effect. Then, the in vivo anti-cancer study was conducted where mice were fed with extract after inducing the tumor. At the end of the experiment, histopathology of tumor section, tumor nitric oxide level, tumor malondialdehyde level, clonogenic assay, T cell immunophenotyping, and proteome profiler analysis were performed. Results: Annona muricata crude extract samples exhibited different level of cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cell lines. The selected B1 AMCE reduced the tumor's size and weight, showed anti-metastatic features, and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo of the 4 T1 cells. Furthermore, it decreased the level of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in tumor while also increased the level of white blood cell, T-cell, and natural killer cell population. Conclusion: The results suggest that, B1 AMCE is a promising candidate for cancer treatment especially in breast cancer and deserves further research as an alternative to conventional drugs while also stressed out the selection of soursop sample which plays a significant role in determining its potential therapeutic effect on cancer.
- Subjects
FOLIAR diagnosis; NITRIC oxide analysis; ANIMAL experimentation; ANTINEOPLASTIC agents; BIOLOGICAL assay; BREAST tumors; CALCIUM-binding proteins; CANCER invasiveness; CELL culture; CELL cycle; CELL lines; CELL migration; FLOW cytometry; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; LEAVES; RESEARCH methodology; METASTASIS; MICE; MICROBIOLOGICAL assay; POPULATION geography; PROBABILITY theory; RESEARCH funding; STAINS &; staining (Microscopy); STATISTICS; T cells; TISSUE culture; TOXICITY testing; WOUND healing; MALONDIALDEHYDE; PLANT extracts; PROTEOMICS; DATA analysis; DATA analysis software; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; IN vitro studies; ONE-way analysis of variance; IN vivo studies
- Publication
BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 2016, Vol 16, p1
- ISSN
1472-6882
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12906-016-1290-y