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- Title
Disclosing phototransformation mechanisms of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in different media by simulated sunlight: Implication by compound-specific stable isotope analysis.
- Authors
Wang, Guoguang; Li, Chuanyuan; Liu, Shuaihao; Xing, Ziao; Guo, Pengxu; Hao, Zixuan; Li, Maojiao; Wang, Haixia; Rong, Guangzhi; Liu, Yu
- Abstract
As one of the typical brominated flame retardants, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) has been widely detected in environment. However, scarce information was available on BDE-209 phototransformation mechanisms in various media. In this study, compound-specific stable isotope analysis was first applied to investigate BDE-209 phototransformation in n-hexane, MeOH:H2O (v:v, 8:2), and simulated seawater by simulated sunlight. BDE-209 transformation followed pseudo-first-order kinetic, with degradation rate in the following of n-hexane (2.66 × 10–3 min−1) > simulated seawater (1.83 × 10–3 min−1) > MeOH:H2O (1.41 × 10–3 min−1). Pronounced carbon isotope fractionation was first observed for BDE-209 phototransformation, with carbon isotope enrichment factors (εC) of -1.01 ± 0.14‰, -1.77 ± 0.26‰, -2.94 ± 0.38‰ in n-hexane, MeOH:H2O and simulated seawater, respectively. Combination analysis of products and stable carbon isotope, debromination with cleavage of C–Br bonds as rate-limiting step was the main mechanism for BDE-209 phototransformation in n-hexane, debromination and hydroxylation with cleavage of C–Br bonds as rate-limiting steps in MeOH:H2O, and debromination, hydroxylation and chlorination in simulated seawater. This present study confirmed that stable carbon isotope analysis was a robust method to discovery the underlying phototransformation mechanisms of BDE-209 in various solutions.
- Subjects
STABLE isotope analysis; DECABROMOBIPHENYL ether; ARTIFICIAL seawater; CARBON isotopes; ISOTOPE separation; SCISSION (Chemistry); DEBROMINATION
- Publication
Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2024, Vol 31, Issue 10, p14980
- ISSN
0944-1344
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11356-024-32203-6