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- Title
LTR-Retrotransposons from Bdelloid Rotifers Capture Additional ORFs Shared between Highly Diverse Retroelement Types.
- Authors
Rodriguez, Fernando; Kenefick, Aubrey W.; Arkhipova, Irina R.
- Abstract
Rotifers of the class Bdelloidea, microscopic freshwater invertebrates, possess a highly-diversified repertoire of transposon families, which, however, occupy less than 4% of genomic DNA in the sequenced representative Adineta vaga. We performed a comprehensive analysis of A. vaga retroelements, and found that bdelloid long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons, in addition to conserved open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2 corresponding to gag and pol genes, code for an unusually high variety of ORF3 sequences. Retrovirus-like LTR families in A. vaga belong to four major lineages, three of which are rotifer-specific and encode a dUTPase domain. However only one lineage contains a canonical env-like fusion glycoprotein acquired from paramyxoviruses (non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses), although smaller ORFs with transmembrane domains may perform similar roles. A different ORF3 type encodes a GDSL esterase/lipase, which was previously identified as ORF1 in several clades of non-LTR retrotransposons, and implicated in membrane targeting. Yet another ORF3 type appears in unrelated LTR-retrotransposon lineages, and displays strong homology to DEDDy-type exonucleases involved in 3'-end processing of RNA and single-stranded DNA. Unexpectedly, each of the enzymatic ORF3s is also associated with different subsets of Penelope-like Athena retroelement families. The unusual association of the same ORF types with retroelements from different classes reflects their modular structure with a high degree of flexibility, and points to gene sharing between different groups of retroelements.
- Subjects
RETROTRANSPOSONS; ROTIFERA; TRANSPOSONS; WORMS; FRESH water
- Publication
Viruses (1999-4915), 2017, Vol 9, Issue 4, p78
- ISSN
1999-4915
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/v9040078