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- Title
Swing Suppliers and International Natural Gas Market Integration.
- Authors
Kim, Sang-Hyun; Lim, Yeon-Yi; Kim, Dae-Wook; Kim, Man-Keun
- Abstract
This study explores the international natural gas market integration using the Engle–Granger cointegration and error correction model. Previous studies have suggested that liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil-linked pricing with a long-term contract have played key roles in gas market integration, especially between European and Asian markets. There is, however, little discussion of the role of the emergence of a swing supplier. A swing supplier, e.g., Qatar or Russia, is flexible to unexpected changes in supply and demand in both European and Asian markets and adapts the gas production/exports swiftly to meet the changes in the markets. Qatar has been a swing supplier since 2005 in the global natural gas market. In 2009, Qatar's global LNG export share reached above 30% and has remained around 25% since then. Empirical results indirectly support that the emergence of a swing supplier may tighten market integration between Europe and Asia. The swing supplier may have accelerated the degree of market integration as well, particularly after 2009.
- Subjects
QATAR; SUPPLY &; demand; SUPPLIERS; ERROR correction (Information theory); LIQUEFIED natural gas; NATURAL gas; MARKETS; COINTEGRATION
- Publication
Energies (19961073), 2020, Vol 13, Issue 18, p4661
- ISSN
1996-1073
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/en13184661