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- Title
Temperature-driven groundwater convection in cold climates.
- Authors
Engström, Maria; Nordell, Bo
- Abstract
The aim was to study density-driven groundwater flow and analyse groundwater mixing because of seasonal changes in groundwater temperature. Here, density-driven convection in groundwater was studied by numerical simulations in a subarctic climate, i.e. where the water temperature was <4 °C. The effects of soil permeability and groundwater temperature (i.e. viscosity and density) were determined. The influence of impermeable obstacles in otherwise homogeneous ground was also studied. An initial disturbance in the form of a horizontal groundwater flow was necessary to start the convection. Transient solutions describe the development of convective cells in the groundwater and it took 22 days before fully developed convection patterns were formed. The thermal convection reached a maximum depth of 1.0 m in soil of low permeability (2.71 · 10 m). At groundwater temperature close to its density maximum (4 °C), the physical size (in m) of the convection cells was reduced. Small stones or frost lenses in the ground slightly affect the convective flow, while larger obstacles change the size and shape of the convection cells. Performed simulations show that 'seasonal groundwater turnover' occurs. This knowledge may be useful in the prevention of nutrient leakage to underlying groundwater from soils, especially in agricultural areas where no natural vertical groundwater flow is evident. An application in northern Sweden is discussed.
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER mixing; GROUNDWATER flow; VISCOSITY; CONVECTION cooling; PERMEABILITY measurement
- Publication
Hydrogeology Journal, 2016, Vol 24, Issue 5, p1245
- ISSN
1431-2174
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10040-016-1420-0