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- Title
Optimization of the Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus in the Residential Water Uses of Shanghai, China.
- Authors
Zhou, Jianyu; Zhu, Tingju
- Abstract
Residential water use in urban areas directly affects household energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. Reducing residential water use through water saving can lead to substantial energy saving and lower carbon emissions. Household choices in water appliances and fixtures and water-use behaviors shape water consumption patterns. This paper presents a study in Shanghai, China, where the water consumption structure of households was analyzed through a comprehensive survey. In addition, a season-differentiated water–energy–carbon nexus optimization model with Monte Carlo simulation was built to minimize the costs associated with water and energy usage while maximizing carbon emission reduction. The survey data revealed Shanghai's water demand structure, thereby highlighting the water-use influence in the city on urban household energy consumption and carbon emissions, which are affected by seasonal temperature variations. The results provide useful insights into the intricate relationships among water use, energy consumption, and carbon emissions at the scale of urban households.
- Subjects
SHANGHAI (China); WATER use; SEASONAL temperature variations; RESIDENTIAL water consumption; MONTE Carlo method; CARBON emissions; ENERGY consumption; MUNICIPAL water supply
- Publication
Sustainability (2071-1050), 2024, Vol 16, Issue 9, p3529
- ISSN
2071-1050
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/su16093529