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- Title
Dietary Influences on Urinary Fluoride over the Course of Pregnancy and at One-Year Postpartum.
- Authors
Castiblanco-Rubio, Gina A.; Muñoz-Rocha, Teresa V.; Téllez-Rojo, Martha M.; Ettinger, Adrienne S.; Mercado-García, Adriana; Peterson, Karen E.; Hu, Howard; Cantoral, Alejandra; Martínez-Mier, E. Angeles
- Abstract
Dietary factors are known to influence urinary fluoride (UF) levels in nonpregnant people. Maternal UF is used as a biomarker of fluoride exposure; however, dietary influences on UF during pregnancy are unknown. We compared UF levels and assessed the associations between UF and five select dietary influences in pregnancy vs. one-year postpartum: dietary fluoride (F), calcium intake from diet (Ca-diet), calcium intake from supplements (Ca-sup), dietary acid load (AL), and table salt use (TS) in 421 women exposed to fluoridated salt in the Mexican diet. Spot UF (mg/L) was measured by microdiffusion/fluoride-specific electrode and dilution-corrected with specific gravity (SG). Dietary variables were estimated from a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Comparisons among UF in pregnancy vs. one-year postpartum were performed with non-parametric tests. Associations between dietary variables and UF were assessed using random effect models (for pregnancy) and linear regression (for one-year postpartum). SG-corrected UF (median, range) during pregnancy (0.77, 0.01–4.73 mg/L) did not significantly differ from one-year postpartum (0.75, 0.15–2.62 mg/L) but did increase every 10 gestational weeks, β = 0.05 (CI: 0.00–0.10). Different dietary influences on UF were identified at each state. Although Ca-diet and AL were not associated with UF in either state, Ca-sup decreased UF only during pregnancy, β = − 0.012 mg/L (CI: − 0.023–0.00). Reporting TS use was associated with 12% increase in UF only at one-year postpartum (p = 0.026). These results suggest different dietary influences on UF in the pregnant state, which need consideration when using UF as a biomarker of fluoride exposure.
- Subjects
CALCIUM supplements; RANDOM effects model; PREGNANCY; PUERPERIUM; SPECIFIC gravity; SALT; FLUORIDES
- Publication
Biological Trace Element Research, 2022, Vol 200, Issue 4, p1568
- ISSN
0163-4984
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s12011-021-02799-8