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- Title
The Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Phase Characterisation of Black Mass.
- Authors
Donnelly, Laurance; Pirrie, Duncan; Power, Matthew; Corfe, Ian; Kuva, Jukka; Lukkari, Sari; Lahaye, Yann; Liu, Xuan; Dehaine, Quentin; Jolis, Ester M.; Butcher, Alan
- Abstract
Black mass is the industry term applied to end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries that have been mechanically processed for potential use as a recycled material to recover the valuable metals present, including cobalt, lithium, manganese, nickel and copper. A significant challenge to the effective processing of black mass is the complexity of the feed material. Two samples of black mass from a European source were analysed using a combination of methods including automated SEM-EDS (AMICS) to characterise and quantify the phases present and particle chemistry. Micro X-CT imaging, overlain onto automated mineralogy images, enabled the 3D morphology of the particles to be determined. Micro-XRF was used to map the copper, nickel, manganese and cobalt-bearing phases. Since Li cannot be detected using SEM-EDS, its abundance was semi-quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The integration of these complimentary analytical methods allowed for detailed phase characterisation, which may guide the potential hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical recycling routes and chemical assaying.
- Subjects
LASER ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; LITHIUM-ion batteries; ECOLOGICAL risk assessment
- Publication
Recycling (MDPI AG), 2023, Vol 8, Issue 4, p59
- ISSN
2313-4321
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/recycling8040059