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- Title
B Cell Response Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Boosted by the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Primary Antibody Deficiencies.
- Authors
Pulvirenti, Federica; Fernandez Salinas, Ane; Milito, Cinzia; Terreri, Sara; Piano Mortari, Eva; Quintarelli, Concetta; Di Cecca, Stefano; Lagnese, Gianluca; Punziano, Alessandra; Guercio, Marika; Bonanni, Livia; Auria, Stefania; Villani, Francesca; Albano, Christian; Locatelli, Franco; Spadaro, Giuseppe; Carsetti, Rita; Quinti, Isabella
- Abstract
Background: Patients with primary antibody deficiencies are at risk in the current COVID-19 pandemic due to their impaired response to infection and vaccination. Specifically, patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) generated poor spike-specific antibody and T cell responses after immunization. Methods: Thirty-four CVID convalescent patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 38 CVID patients immunized with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and 20 SARS-CoV-2 CVID convalescents later and immunized with BNT162b2 were analyzed for the anti-spike IgG production and the generation of spike-specific memory B cells and T cells. Results: Spike-specific IgG was induced more frequently after infection than after vaccination (82% vs. 34%). The antibody response was boosted in convalescents by vaccination. Although immunized patients generated atypical memory B cells possibly by extra-follicular or incomplete germinal center reactions, convalescents responded to infection by generating spike-specific memory B cells that were improved by the subsequent immunization. Poor spike-specific T cell responses were measured independently from the immunological challenge. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection primed a more efficient classical memory B cell response, whereas the BNT162b2 vaccine induced non-canonical B cell responses in CVID. Natural infection responses were boosted by subsequent immunization, suggesting the possibility to further stimulate the immune response by additional vaccine doses in CVID.
- Subjects
PRIMARY immunodeficiency diseases; SARS-CoV-2; IMMUNOLOGIC memory; COVID-19 vaccines; COMMON variable immunodeficiency; B cells; T cells; IMMUNOGLOBULINS
- Publication
Cells (2073-4409), 2021, Vol 10, Issue 11, p2915
- ISSN
2073-4409
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/cells10112915