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- Title
Electrochemical Reduction of X-ray Contrast Iohexol at Mixed Metal Oxide Electrodes: Process Optimization and By-product Identification.
- Authors
Turkay, Ozge; Barisci, Sibel; Ulusoy, Ebru; Dimoglo, Anatoly
- Abstract
The reduction of commonly used X-ray contrast iohexol (IOX) by the electrooxidation process is presented in this study. To begin with, the effect of anode material was examined, and different mixed metal oxide electrodes (MMOs) such as Ti/RuO2, Ti/Pt, Ti/IrO2-RuO2, Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5, Ti/Ta2O5-SnO2-IrO2, and Pt/SnO2 were used. To assess experimental conditions at Ti/RuO2 anode, provided the highest removal efficiency, the response surface method was applied and the key influencing parameter was the process time. The determined optimal conditions were triplicated with real wastewater samples, and the average degradation efficiency of IOX was found to be 99%. By-products of the IOX degradation on the Ti/RuO2 anode have been identified using density functional theory and LC/MS-MS analysis. The results showed that IOX degradation opened with OH group detachment and resulted in the formation of a by-product with a molecular mass of 804 g mol−1. Further degradation mechanism took place due to the breakup of C4-C10 and C5-I7 bonds with a by-product formed as 603 g mol−1. Iodide atom replacement by OH groups caused the formation of a molecular fragment with 375 g mol−1 molecular weight. The further disintegration of C2-C11 and C6-N16 σ- bonds led to the formation of molecular masses of 133, 126, and 119 g mol−1, respectively.
- Subjects
ELECTROLYTIC reduction; IOHEXOL; METALLIC oxides; RADIOGRAPHIC contrast media; DENSITY functional theory
- Publication
Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 2018, Vol 229, Issue 6, p1
- ISSN
0049-6979
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11270-018-3823-0