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- Title
Single-Leg Squat and Reported Pain in Collegiate Softball Pitchers.
- Authors
Everhart, Katherine M.; Friesen, Kenzie B.; Bordelon, Nicole M.; Fava, Anthony W.; Plummer, Hillary A.; Shannon, David M.; Oliver, Gretchen D.
- Abstract
Background: Single-leg squat (SLS) performance is related to altered mechanics related to injury during the windmill softball pitch; however, it is unknown if SLS kinematics differ between softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare knee valgus, trunk rotation, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk flexion during an SLS in collegiate softball pitchers with and without self-reported upper extremity pain. It was hypothesized that those who reported upper extremity pain would show increased compensatory trunk and knee kinematics compared with those without pain. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 75 collegiate softball players (mean age, 20.4 ± 1.7 years; mean height, 173.3 ± 7.7 cm; mean weight, 79.1 ± 11.6 kg) participated and were placed in pain (n = 20) or no-pain (n = 55) groups. Participants performed an SLS once per side. Kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking system. A 2 (pain vs no pain) × 2 (descent vs ascent) × 2 (drive leg vs stride leg) mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance with Wilks lambda distribution was used to determine differences in drive-leg and stride-leg lower body mechanics between the descent and ascent phases of the SLS between the pitchers in the current study with and without pain. Results: There was no significant effect in the 3-way interaction between upper extremity pain, side, and phase (Λ = 0.960; F [4, 70] = 0.726; P =.577; η2 = 0.04). However, there were large effects for the phase × side interaction (Λ = 0.850; P =.021; η2 = 0.150). There was a main effect of phase (Λ = 0.283; P <.001; η2 = 0.717). Conclusion: Study findings indicated that SLS mechanics do not differ between collegiate softball pitchers with and without reported upper extremity pain. Drive-leg mechanics showed more stability in the SLS than stride-leg mechanics. Clinical Relevance: Softball pitchers are at risk of upper extremity injury. It is important to identify mechanisms that may lead to pain in order to mitigate the risk of injury.
- Subjects
LEG physiology; KNEE physiology; TORSO physiology; EXPERIMENTAL design; COMPUTER software; RANGE of motion of joints; PAIN; ANALYSIS of variance; SELF-evaluation; MULTIVARIATE analysis; CROSS-sectional method; WEARABLE technology; SOFTBALL; ARM; ELECTROMAGNETISM; ROTATIONAL motion; BODY movement; BIOMECHANICS; DATA analysis software; KINEMATICS
- Publication
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2023, Vol 11, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2325-9671
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1177/23259671221144757