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- Title
Limited Seed and Seed Yield Response of Calendula to Applied Nitrogen Does Not Justify Risk of Environmental Damage from High Urea Application Rates.
- Authors
Johnson, Jane M. F.; Gesch, Russ W.; Barbour, Nancy W.
- Abstract
Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) seed, due to its high calendic acid content, is recognized as a potential environmentally safe substitute for volatile organic compounds. Agronomic guidelines for nitrogen (N) management to produce calendula seed oil on a commercial scale are limited. Post-harvest soil N has the potential to move off-farm and contribute to water quality degradation (e.g., hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico). Establishing N management guidelines should consider agronomic response and potential environmental risk. Calendula seed and oil yield, oil content, harvest index, N use, seed N use efficiency, oil N use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, vegetative growth, and the amount of residual soil-N following harvest response to five urea N rates (0, 34, 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha-1) were assessed in a replicated field study repeated for two growing seasons. Seed yield increased with N rate, but because of the low N conversion efficiency, there appeared to be minimal yield gains in applying N beyond 34 kg ha-1. The lowest amount of soil-N left underutilized in the soil was predicted to occur at 39 kg N ha-1 and was adequate for seed and seed oil commercial calendula production on a Mollisol in the Northern Midwest United States.
- Subjects
CALENDULA (Genus); SEED yield; EFFECT of nitrogen on plants; AGRONOMY; VOLATILE organic compounds &; the environment; WATER quality; ENVIRONMENTAL risk
- Publication
Agriculture; Basel, 2018, Vol 8, Issue 3, p40
- ISSN
2077-0472
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/agriculture8030040