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- Title
Plasmid Borne Antibiotic Resistance Factors in Indigenous Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Humans in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
- Authors
Ahmed, Basharat; Azhar, Muhammad Hamza; Shakoori, Farah R.; Shakoori, Abdul Rauf
- Abstract
The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 146 Campylobacter spp. isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in Azad Kashmir Pakistan were analyzed to determine their changing trends in response to fifteen antibiotics. Campylobacter isolates were identified as C. jejuni (66.4%) and C. coli (33.6%). An over whelming majority of isolates were recovered from children (72%), 52 % were from male patients. The highest number of strains was isolated in summer (30.8 %) followed by in autumn (25.3 %) and in spring (22.6 %). The lowest number of strains was isolated in winter (21.2 %). The isolates showed highest resistance against carbenicillin followed by ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin, amoxicillin, amikacin, ceftizoxime, tetracycline, erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The isolates showed least resistance against ceftriaxone followed by chloramphenicol and gentamicin. All Campylobacter isolates were sensitive to cefixime and ciprofloxacin. Multiple drug resistance was observed in this study ranging from three to eight drugs. 36 % were resistant to three or more antibiotics at 25μg/ml, 34 % were resistant to three or more antibiotics at 50μg/ml, 18 % were resistant to three or more antibiotics at 100μg/ml and 8 % were resistant to three or more antibiotics at 300μg/ml. The most common pattern of antibiotic resistance was Carbenicillin+ampicillin+co-trimoxazole. The plasmids were observed in 15.1 % MDR strains of Campylobacter spp. which were found resistant to three or more antibiotics. All the strains contained a heterogeneous population of plasmids ranging between 23.1 kb to 2.0 kb. grouped into seven different plasmid patterns. The plasmids (23.1 Kb) could only confer tetracycline resistance to the competent cells of drug sensitive and plasmid-less Campylobacter strains. A plasmid-borne tet(O) gene were the main resistance mechanisms for tetracycline.
- Subjects
PAKISTAN; DRUG resistance in bacteria; MULTIDRUG resistance; CAMPYLOBACTER; TETRACYCLINES; TETRACYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL
- Publication
Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 2021, Vol 53, Issue 4, p1393
- ISSN
0030-9923
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.17582/journal.pjz/20210301085607