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- Title
Risk Factors for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy and Its Subtypes.
- Authors
Jorge, April M.; Melles, Ronald B.; Marmor, Michael F.; Zhou, Baijun; Zhang, Yuqing; Choi, Hyon K.
- Abstract
Key Points: Question: What factors beyond hydroxychloroquine dose and duration of use are associated with the risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy? Findings: In this cohort study of 4677 long-term hydroxychloroquine users with masked adjudication of retinopathy outcomes, increasing age, female sex, chronic kidney disease stage 3 or greater, and tamoxifen use were each associated with a higher risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Meaning: This study suggests that these factors should be considered when making decisions about hydroxychloroquine dosing and screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Importance: The major toxic effect of hydroxychloroquine is retinopathy. Thus, current guidelines recommend limiting the dose and screening annually for retinopathy among all long-term users, but individual patient factors may be associated with retinopathy risk. Objective: To identify risk factors beyond hydroxychloroquine dose and duration of use for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study of 4677 patients in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated health network who initiated hydroxychloroquine, continued treatment, and underwent retinopathy screening after 5 years of use was conducted from July 1, 1997, to December 31, 2020, with up to 15 years of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed in August 2023. Exposure: Candidate risk factors included age at hydroxychloroquine initiation, sex, race and ethnicity, indications, chronic kidney disease (CKD), liver disease, diabetes, tamoxifen use, and medications that interact with hydroxychloroquine metabolism. Hydroxychloroquine dose was assessed from pharmacy dispensing records. Main Outcome and Measures: Incident hydroxychloroquine retinopathy was adjudicated from masked review of guideline-recommended screening studies and classified as parafoveal or pericentral pattern. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess potential risk factors for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy within 15 years of initiation. Results: Of 4677 long-term hydroxychloroquine users (mean [SD] age at initiation, 52.4 [14.1] years; 3877 women [82.9%]), 125 patients developed hydroxychloroquine retinopathy within 15 years (102 parafoveal, 23 pericentral). Older age at time of hydroxychloroquine initiation was associated with retinopathy risk, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 2.48 (95% CI, 1.28-4.78) for those aged 45 to 54 years, 3.82 (95% CI, 2.05-7.14) for those aged 55 to 64 years, and 5.68 (95% CI, 2.99-10.79) for those aged 65 years or older compared with those younger than 45 years. The risk of retinopathy was higher among females than males (HR, 3.83 [95% CI, 1.86-7.89]), among patients with CKD stage 3 or greater (HR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.25-3.04]), and among individuals with tamoxifen use (HR, 3.43 [95% CI, 1.08-10.89]). The likelihood of pericentral retinopathy was higher among Asian patients (HR, 15.02 [95% CI, 4.82-46.87]) and Black patients (HR, 5.51 [95% CI, 1.22-24.97]) compared with non-Hispanic White patients. Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that increasing age, female sex, CKD stage 3 or greater, and tamoxifen use were associated with a higher risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, whereas being younger than 45 years at hydroxychloroquine initiation and male sex were associated with a lower risk. Race and ethnicity were also associated with the pattern of retinopathy. These factors should be incorporated into hydroxychloroquine dosing decisions. This cohort study investigates demographic and clinical patient characteristics associated with risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.
- Subjects
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; RISK assessment; DATA analysis; RESEARCH funding; RETINAL diseases; MULTIPLE regression analysis; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; TAMOXIFEN; LONGITUDINAL method; CHRONIC kidney failure; LIVER diseases; RACE; STATISTICS; DRUG interactions; CONFIDENCE intervals; DATA analysis software; DIABETES; PROPORTIONAL hazards models; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
JAMA Network Open, 2024, Vol 7, Issue 1, pe2410677
- ISSN
2574-3805
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10677