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- Title
Biological Pathways Associated with Neuroprogression in Bipolar Disorder.
- Authors
Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, Bianca; Kapczinski, Flavio; Pfaffenseller, Bianca; Bartoli, Francesco; Carrà, Giuseppe
- Abstract
There is evidence suggesting clinical progression in a subset of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This progression is associated with worse clinical outcomes and biological changes. Molecular pathways and biological markers of clinical progression have been identified and may explain the progressive changes associated with this disorder. The biological basis for clinical progression in BD is called neuroprogression. We propose that the following intertwined pathways provide the biological basis of neuroprogression: inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuroplasticity and cellular resilience. The nonlinear interaction of these pathways may worsen clinical outcomes, cognition, and functioning. Understanding neuroprogression in BD is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets, preventing illness progression, and ultimately promoting better outcomes.
- Subjects
BIPOLAR disorder; TREATMENT effectiveness; BIOMARKERS; ENDOPLASMIC reticulum; OXIDATIVE stress
- Publication
Brain Sciences (2076-3425), 2021, Vol 11, Issue 2, p228
- ISSN
2076-3425
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/brainsci11020228