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- Title
Greenhouse gas emission of diets in the Netherlands and associations with food, energy and macronutrient intakes.
- Authors
Temme, Elisabeth HM; Toxopeus, Ido B; Kramer, Gerard FH; Brosens, Marinka CC; Drijvers, José MM; Tyszler, Marcelo; Ocké, Marga C
- Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) of diets in Dutch girls, boys, women and men and to explore associations with diet composition.DesignDescriptive analyses for the total population as well as stratified for gender, age and dietary environmental load.SettingThe Netherlands.SubjectsDutch children and adults aged 7–69 years (n 3818).ResultsThe GHGE of daily diets was on average 3·2 kg CO2-equivalents (CO2e) for girls, 3·6 kg CO2e for boys, 3·7 kg CO2e for women and 4·8 kg CO2e for men. Meat and cheese contributed about 40 % and drinks (including milk and alcoholic drinks) 20 % to daily GHGE. Considerable differences in environmental loads of diets existed within age and gender groups. Persons with higher-GHGE diets consumed more (in quantity of foods and especially drinks) than their counterparts of a similar sex and age with low-GHGE diets. Major differences between high- and low-GHGE diets were in meat, cheese and dairy consumption as well as in soft drinks (girls, boys and women) and alcoholic drinks (men). Of those, differences in meat consumption determined the differences in GHGE most. Diets with higher GHGE were associated with higher saturated fat intake and lower fibre intakeConclusionsGHGE of daily diets in the Netherlands is between 3 and 5 kg CO2e, with considerable differences between individuals. Meat, dairy and drinks contribute most to GHGE. The insights of the study may be used in developing (age- and gender-specific) food-based dietary guidelines that take into account both health and sustainability aspects.
- Subjects
NETHERLANDS; GREENHOUSE gas analysis; NUTRIENT uptake; FOOD consumption; SOFT drinks; MEAT industry
- Publication
Public Health Nutrition, 2015, Vol 18, Issue 13, p2433
- ISSN
1368-9800
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1017/S1368980014002821