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- Title
Analysis of a coagulation sludge contamination with metals using X-ray crystallography.
- Authors
Wiewiórska, Iwona; Rybicki, Stanisław M.
- Abstract
Characteristics of both surface and groundwater as well as water treatment itself determine properties of sludge produced as a by-product of technological processes. However, most of the currently available literature data and research focuses rather on the evaluation of water treatment processes, comparing the quality of raw water and the quality of water after treatment. The sludge produced at the water treatment plant, presented in the research, is the most environmentally sensitive by-product of the water treatment processes, that is, volumetric and contact coagulation with the use of coagulants. The chemical composition of the produced sludge varies, depending on the raw water quality and the type and amount of chemical reagents dosed. Two types of coagulants were dosed to the system over the period (year) of sludge sampling. They were: an aqueous solution of a mixture of polyaluminium chloride and a mixture of aluminum sulphate hydroxychloride and a complex solution of aluminum hydrochloride. Therefore, it is very important for the plant operators, to accurate determine the chemical composition of the sludge, especially in terms of the presence of metals in water. In the article, the authors offered an innovative approach in order to assess contamination of a coagulation sludge with selected metals. The work summarized several years of research conducted at the water treatment plant, which obviously increased the application value of the work. The authors described the principles the water treatment processes and tried to assess their effectiveness with a qualitative analyzes of sludge generated at particular stages of water treatment. The sludge was analyzed with qualitative methods of X-ray crystallography, that is, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the laboratory and technological conditions required to proceed with these methods were presented. The methods, more accurate than in conventional laboratory, allow for a better determination of the metals presence in the sludge.
- Subjects
COAGULANTS; X-ray crystallography; WATER treatment plants; WATER treatment plant residuals; COAGULATION; X-ray fluorescence; WATER purification
- Publication
Desalination & Water Treatment, 2022, Vol 254, p151
- ISSN
1944-3994
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.5004/dwt.2022.28372