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- Title
A PETTLEP based imagery intervention with university soccer players.
- Authors
Ramsey, Richard; Cumming, Jennifer; Brunning, Chris; Williams, Sarah
- Abstract
Using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery (Holmes & Collins, 2001) as a theoretical framework, recent empirical studies have highlighted the potential for more compelling findings when functionally equivalent imagery is compared with imagery less equivalent with physical performance (Smith & Collins, 2004; Smith & Holmes, 2004; Smith, Wright, Allsopp, & Westhead, 2006). In this study, we manipulated the functional equivalence of the Emotion aspect of the model using penalty taking in football (soccer). During pretest and posttest, interpretations of anxiety and self-efficacy levels were assessed immediately before the performance of 10 penalty kicks. Actual penalty taking performance was digitally recorded and measured based on where the ball ended in a method similar to Smith and Holmes (2004). Following pretest, 33 varsity football players (13 males, 20 females, M age = 19.69, SD = 1.15) were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups: a) PETTLEP imagery (without emotion element), b) PETTLEP imagery with emotion element, or c) control (stretching). Both imagery groups imaged ten successful penalties and the control group followed a stretching routine for a similar duration of time. All groups performed their respective tasks four times per week for 6 weeks. Repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated posttest performance scores were greater for both imagery groups compared with the control group. These findings add further support for the effectiveness of PETTLEP-based imagery for facilitating motor performance. However, no added performance benefits were apparent from manipulating the emotion aspect of the model. Furthermore, imagery did not influence self-efficacy levels or interpretations of anxiety when compared to stretching. This latter finding is counter to traditional imagery literature (Feltz & Riessinger, 1990; Hale & Whitehouse, 1998; Hanton & Jones, 1999) and therefore further research regarding this matter is warranted.
- Subjects
MENTAL imagery; APPLIED psychology; SELF-efficacy; SOCCER players; DATA visualization; EMOTIONAL conditioning; SPORTS research; UNIVERSITIES &; colleges
- Publication
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2007, Vol 29, pS196
- ISSN
0895-2779
- Publication type
Article