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- Title
Role of the JNK Pathway in Bladder Cancer.
- Authors
Lee, Eun Hye; Kim, Hyun Tae; Chun, So Young; Chung, Jae-Wook; Choi, Seock Hwan; Lee, Jun Nyung; Kim, Bum Soo; Yoo, Eun Sang; Kwon, Tae Gyun; Kim, Tae-Hwan; Ha, Yun-Sok
- Abstract
Bladder cancer, one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide, is associated with high morbidity and mortality and a poor prognosis. The bladder cancer types include 1) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and 2) muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Metastases and chemoresistance in MIBC patients are the leading causes of the high death rate. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important factor for the undifferentiated state of cancer cells. JNK belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family; it is activated by various extracellular stimuli, such as stress, radiation, and growth factors and mediates diverse cellular functions, such as apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, invasion, and migration by mediating AKT (Ak strain transforming), ATG (Autophagy related), mTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin), and caspases 3, 8, and 9. This review describes the JNK-related functions, mechanisms, and signaling in bladder cancer.
- Subjects
BLADDER cancer; JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases; CELL physiology
- Publication
OncoTargets & Therapy, 2022, Vol 15, p963
- ISSN
1178-6930
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.2147/OTT.S374908