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- Title
Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway Regulates C2C12 Cell Apoptosis Induced by Fluoride.
- Authors
Tan, Pan-pan; Zhou, Bian-hua; Zhao, Wen-peng; Jia, Liu-shu; Liu, Jing; Wang, Hong-wei
- Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of excessive fluoride-induced apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway in skeletal muscle cells (C2C12 cells). C2C12 cells were cultured with the fluoride concentrations (0, 1, and 2.5 mmol/L) for 48 h. The morphology and ultrastructural changes of C2C12 cells were observed using a light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The protein expression levels of apoptosis factors, including Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c (Cyt c), caspase-3, and caspase-9, were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and immunocytofluorescence. The morphology and ultrastructure of C2C12 cells were seriously damaged by fluoride at 1 and 2.5 mmol/L doses, including swollen mitochondria, vacuolization, ridge breakage, and disappearance of the nuclear membrane. Simultaneously, compared with the control group, the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Cyt c, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were up-regulated after fluoride treatment. Excessive fluoride damages the ultrastructure in mitochondria, leading to the release of Cyt c from the mitochondria to cytoplasm in C2C12 cells; thereby, activated caspases cascade apoptosis process through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.
- Subjects
MITOCHONDRIAL physiology; APOPTOSIS; TOXICOLOGY of fluorine; TRANSMISSION electron microscopy; CYTOCHROME c
- Publication
Biological Trace Element Research, 2018, Vol 185, Issue 2, p440
- ISSN
0163-4984
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s12011-018-1265-6