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- Title
Supersaturation Fluctuations during the Early Stage of Cumulus Formation.
- Authors
SIEBERT, HOLGER; SHAW, RAYMOND A.
- Abstract
On time scales that are long compared to the phase relaxation time, a quasi-steady supersaturation sqs is expected to exist in clouds. On shorter time scales, however, turbulent fluctuations of temperature and water vapor concentration should generate fluctuations in supersaturation. The variability of temperature, water vapor, and supersaturation has been measured in situ with submeter resolution in warm, continental, shallow cumulus clouds. Several cumuli with horizontal extents of order 100m were sampled during their first appearance and development to depths of ;100m in a growing boundary layer. Fluctuations of the saturation ratio are observed to be approximately normally distributed with standard deviations on the order of 1%. This variability is almost one order of magnitude larger than sqs calculated using simultaneous measurements of the vertical velocity component and the droplet size distribution. It is argued that, depending on the ratio of the phase relaxation and the turbulent mixing time, substantial fluctuations in the supersaturation field can exist on small spatial scales, centered on sqs for the mean state. The observations also suggest that, on larger scales, fluctuations of the supersaturation field are damped by cloud droplet growth. Droplets with diameters of up to 20 mmwere observed in the shallow cumulus clouds, whereas the adiabatic diameter was less than 10 mm. Such large droplets may be explained by a few droplets experiencing the highest observed supersaturations for a certain time. Consequences for aerosol activation and droplet size dispersion in a highly fluctuating supersaturation field are briefly discussed.
- Subjects
CUMULUS clouds; SUPERSATURATION; CLOUDS; CLOUDINESS; TURBULENCE
- Publication
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2017, Vol 74, Issue 4, p975
- ISSN
0022-4928
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1175/JAS-D-16-0115.1