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- Title
Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions.
- Authors
de Oliveira dos Santos, Ana Rita; de Oliveira Zanuso, Bárbara; Miola, Vitor Fernando Bordin; Barbalho, Sandra Maria; Santos Bueno, Patrícia C.; Flato, Uri Adrian Prync; Detregiachi, Claudia Rucco P.; Buchaim, Daniela Vieira; Buchaim, Rogério Leone; Tofano, Ricardo José; Mendes, Claudemir Gregório; Tofano, Viviane Alessandra Capelluppi; dos Santos Haber, Jesselina F.; Brzozowski, Tomasz
- Abstract
Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to an organism and still perform crosstalk, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. This study aims to review the crosstalk between adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. Far beyond understanding the actions of each biomarker alone, it is important to underline that these cytokines act together in the body, resulting in a complex network of actions in different tissues, which may have beneficial or non-beneficial effects on the genesis of various physiological disorders and their respective outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Overweight individuals secrete more pro-inflammatory adipokines than those of a healthy weight, leading to an impaired immune response and greater susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases. Myostatin is elevated in pro-inflammatory environments, sharing space with pro-inflammatory organokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), resistin, and chemerin. Fibroblast growth factor FGF21 acts as a beta-oxidation regulator and decreases lipogenesis in the liver. The crosstalk mentioned above can interfere with homeostatic disorders and can play a role as a potential therapeutic target that can assist in the methods of diagnosing metabolic syndrome and CVD.
- Subjects
ADIPOKINES; CHEMERIN; TUMOR necrosis factors; FIBROBLAST growth factors; TYPE 2 diabetes; MYOSTATIN; RESISTIN
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, Vol 22, Issue 5, p2639
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms22052639