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- Title
Foliar applications of various nitrogen (N) forms to winter wheat affect grain protein accumulation and quality via N metabolism and remobilization.
- Authors
Xiaokang Lyu; Yang Liu; Na Li; Liban Ku; Yuting Hou; Xiaoxia Wen
- Abstract
Foliar nitrogen (N) application is an effective strategy to improve protein content and quality in wheat kernels, but the specific effects of N forms remain unclear. In a two-year field study, foliar application of various N forms (NO-3, urea, NH+4) at anthesis was performed to measure their effects on wheat grain protein accumulation, quality formation, and the underlying mechanisms. Foliar application of three N forms showed varying effects in improving grain gluten proteins and quality traits. Under NH+4 application, there was more post-anthesis N uptake for grain filling, with relatively strong increase in enzyme activities and gene expression associated with N metabolism in flag leaves at 8-20 days after anthesis (DAA), whereas its promotion of grain N metabolism became weaker after 20 DAA than those under NO-3 and urea treatments. More N was remobilized from source organs to grain under treatment with foliar NO-3 and urea. Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds were upregulated by NO-3 and urea at 20-28 DAA, contributing to increased grain protein content and quality. Overall, foliar applications of NO-3 and urea were more effective than those of NH+4 in increasing grain N filling. These findings show that manipulating the source-sink relationship by reinforcing grain N metabolism and N remobilization is critical for optimizing grain protein accumulation and quality formation.
- Subjects
NITROGEN metabolism; WINTER wheat; GRAIN proteins; FOLIAR application of plant regulators; GENE expression in plants
- Publication
Crop Journal (2095-5421), 2022, Vol 10, Issue 4, p1165
- ISSN
2095-5421
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1016/j.cj.2021.10.009