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- Title
"Making Degenerates into Men" by Doing Shots, Breaking Plates, and Embracing Brothers in Eighteenth-Century Freemasonry.
- Authors
MORRISON, HEATHER
- Abstract
The article discusses ritual celebrations depicted in 18th-century drinking songs and toasts published by the Masonic lodge known as True Harmony, which was located in Vienna, Austria. According to the author, these ritual homosocial activities centered around food and drink enabled men to become part of a community and formulate new identities. It is suggested that such celebrations were seen as freeing men from artificial restrictions imposed by aristocratic women and religious institutions and that they were viewed as compatible with a rational, masculine program for social reform. Details on ritual embraces between men are also presented. Other topics include self-improvement and the exclusion of women from freemasonry.
- Subjects
DRINKING songs; TOASTS; DRINKING customs; FREEMASONRY -- History; HISTORY of Vienna, Austria; HOMOSOCIAL groups; IDENTITY (Psychology); MASCULINITY; EIGHTEENTH century; HISTORY
- Publication
Journal of Social History, 2012, Vol 46, Issue 1, p48
- ISSN
0022-4529
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/jsh/shs026