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- Title
Correlates and Consequences of Spanking and Verbal Punishment for Low-Income White, African American, and Mexican American Toddlers.
- Authors
Berlin, Lisa J.; Ispa, Jean M.; Fine, Mark A.; Malone, Patrick S.; Brooks‐Gunn, Jeanne; Brady‐Smith, Christy; Ayoub, Catherine; Bai, Yu
- Abstract
This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that spanking (but not verbal punishment) at age 1 predicted child aggressive behavior problems at age 2 and lower Bayley mental development scores at age 3. Neither child aggressive behavior problems nor Bayley scores predicted later spanking or verbal punishment. In some instances, maternal race/ethnicity and/or emotional responsiveness moderated the effects of spanking and verbal punishment on child outcomes.
- Subjects
CORPORAL punishment of children; DISCIPLINE of children; TODDLERS development; MOTHER-child relationship; CHILD development testing; BAYLEY Scales of Infant Development; PSYCHOLOGY; PREVENTION
- Publication
Child Development, 2009, Vol 80, Issue 5, p1403
- ISSN
0009-3920
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x