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- Title
Dry Fractionation Approach in Concentrating Tocopherols and Tocotrienols from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: A Green Pretreatment Process for Vitamin E Extraction.
- Authors
Ngoc Doan, Phuong‐Anh; Tan, Tzyi‐Horng; Siow, Lee Fong; Tey, Beng Ti; Chan, Eng Seng; Tang, Teck‐Kim; Abdul Karim, Nur Azwani; Phuah, Eng‐Tong; Lee, Yee‐Ying
- Abstract
Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a rich source of vitamin E. As compared to other vegetable oil, PFAD has higher tocotrienol (70–80%) over tocopherol content, which makes it a valuable source for vitamin E extraction. Current vitamin E extraction methods are not sustainable due to the intensive usage of chemical and high operational cost. Hence, the present study investigated for the first time using dry fractionation process as a green and economical pretreatment method for separating solid fraction (stearin) and liquid fraction (olein) in order to concentrate vitamin E from PFAD in olein fraction. We examined the dry fractionation conditions: crystallization ending temperature (36–44 °C), cooling rate (0.3 and 1.5°C min−1), stirring speed (20–125 rpm), and holding time (0–60 min) on the composition of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids as well as vitamin E content in liquid fraction (olein) and solid fraction (stearin) using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In most of these conditions, vitamin E was ultimately higher in olein fraction as compared to stearin fraction, which is correlated with the high degree of unsaturation. Under a cooling rate of 0.3°C min−1, 90 rpm stirring speed, and ending crystallization of 38 °C, the highest vitamin E rich olein fraction was attained with 1479 ± 10.51 ppm in 50 g olein fraction as compared to 1366 ± 7.94 ppm in 500 g of unfractionated PFAD.
- Subjects
VITAMIN E; HIGH performance liquid chromatography; FATTY acids; UNSATURATED fatty acids; TOCOTRIENOL
- Publication
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (JAOCS), 2021, Vol 98, Issue 6, p609
- ISSN
0003-021X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/aocs.12488