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- Title
Irreversible Thermodynamics of Seawater Evaporation †.
- Authors
Feistel, Rainer; Hellmuth, Olaf
- Abstract
Under typical marine conditions of about 80% relative humidity, evaporation of water from the ocean is an irreversible process accompanied by entropy production. In this article, equations are derived for the latent heat of irreversible evaporation and the related nonequilibrium entropy balance at the sea surface. To achieve this, linear irreversible thermodynamics is considered in a conceptual ocean evaporation model. The equilibrium thermodynamic standard TEOS-10, the International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater—2010, is applied to irreversible evaporation under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The relevance of local equilibrium conditions for irreversible thermodynamics is briefly explained. New equations are derived for the mass flux of evaporation and for the associated nonequilibrium enthalpies and entropies. The estimated entropy production rate of ocean evaporation amounts to 0.004 W m − 2 K − 1 as compared with the average terrestrial global entropy production of about 1 W m − 2 K − 1 .
- Subjects
HEATS of vaporization; LOCAL thermodynamic equilibrium; THERMODYNAMIC equilibrium; SEAWATER; NONEQUILIBRIUM thermodynamics
- Publication
Journal of Marine Science & Engineering, 2024, Vol 12, Issue 1, p166
- ISSN
2077-1312
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/jmse12010166