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- Title
Satellite-Based Estimates of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particles and Association with Mortality in Elderly Hong Kong Residents.
- Authors
Wong, Chit Ming; Lai, Hak Kan; Tsang, Hilda; Thach, Thuan Quoc; Thomas, G. Neil; Hubert Lam, Kin Bong; Chan, King Pan; Yang, Lin; Lau, Alexis KH.; Ayres, Jon G.; Lee, Siu Yin; Chan, Wai Man; Hedley, Anthony J.; Lam, Tai Hing
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: A limited number of studies on long-term effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2 5) on health suggest it can be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In Asia where air quality is poor and deteriorating, local data on long-term effects of PM2.5 to support policy on air quality management are scarce. OBJECTIVES: We assessed long-term effects of PM2.5 on the mortality in a single Asian city. METHODS: For 10-13 years, we followed up a cohort of 66,820 participants ≥ 65 years of age who were enrolled and interviewed in all 18 Elderly Health Centres of the Department of Health, Hong Kong, in 1998-2001. Their residential addresses were geocoded into x- and y-coordinates, and their proxy exposures to PM2.5 at their addresses in 1 x 1 km grids were estimated from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite data. We used Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality associated with PM2.5. RESULTS: Mortality HRs per 10-µg/m³ increase in PM2.5 were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.22) for all natural causes, 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.39) for cardiovascular causes, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.73) for ischemic heart disease, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.53) for cerebrovascular disease, and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.22) for respiratory causes. CONCLUSIONS: Our methods in using NASA satellite data provide a readily accessible and affordable approach to estimation of a sufficient range of individual PM2.5 exposures in a single city. This approach can expand the capacity to conduct environmental accountability studies in areas with few measurements of fine particles.
- Subjects
HONG Kong (China); CARDIOVASCULAR disease related mortality; CEREBROVASCULAR disease risk factors; RESPIRATORY disease risk factors; AIR pollution; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors; CEREBROVASCULAR disease; CONFIDENCE intervals; DOSE-response relationship in biochemistry; GEOGRAPHIC information systems; INTERVIEWING; LONGITUDINAL method; MEDICAL cooperation; MORTALITY; PROBABILITY theory; RESEARCH; RESEARCH funding; RESPIRATORY diseases; MATHEMATICAL variables; ENVIRONMENTAL exposure; PARTICULATE matter; PROPORTIONAL hazards models; DATA analysis software; STATISTICAL models; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; KAPLAN-Meier estimator; ODDS ratio
- Publication
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2015, Vol 123, Issue 11, p1167
- ISSN
0091-6765
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1289/ehp.1408264