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- Title
Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Neuroblastoma: Present, Past and Future.
- Authors
Morandi, Fabio; Sabatini, Federica; Podestà, Marina; Airoldi, Irma
- Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor with a heterogeneous clinical course, ranging from spontaneous regression to metastatic disease and death, irrespective of intensive chemotherapeutic regimen. On the basis of several parameters, children affected by neuroblastoma are stratified into low, intermediate and high risk. At present, more than 50% of high-risk patients with metastatic spread display an overall poor long-term outcome also complicated by devastating long-term morbidities. Thus, novel and more effective therapies are desperately needed to improve lifespan of high-risk patients. In this regard, adoptive cell therapy holds great promise and several clinical trials are ongoing, demonstrating safety and tolerability, with no toxicities. Starting from the immunological and clinical features of neuroblastoma, we here discuss the immunotherapeutic approaches currently adopted for high-risk patients and different innovative therapeutic strategies currently under investigation. The latter are based on the infusion of natural killer (NK) cells, as support of consolidation therapy in addition to standard treatments, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells directed against neuroblastoma associated antigens (e.g., disialoganglioside GD2). Finally, future perspectives of adoptive cell therapies represented by γδ T lymphocyes and CAR NK cells are envisaged.
- Subjects
NEUROBLASTOMA; CHIMERIC antigen receptors; KILLER cells; T cells; CELLULAR therapy
- Publication
Vaccines, 2021, Vol 9, Issue 1, p43
- ISSN
2076-393X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/vaccines9010043