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- Title
Use of Unmodified Coffee Husk Biochar and Ashes as Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis.
- Authors
Fernández, Joycel V.; Faria, Diêgo N.; Santoro, Mariana C.; Mantovaneli, Rafael; Cipriano, Daniel F.; Brito, Gilberto M.; Carneiro, Maria Tereza W. D.; Schettino Jr., Miguel A.; Gonzalez, Jorge L.; Freitas, Jair C. C.
- Abstract
Biochar and ashes derived from coffee husk were used as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel through a transesterification reaction. The catalysts were obtained from the carbonization, activation, and combustion of raw coffee husks. Their properties were characterized by solid-state 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction, among other techniques. The results evidenced the presence of different inorganic compounds (mostly K- and Ca-containing phases) mixed with the turbostratic structure (in the case of the biochar samples). A biodiesel conversion of 66% (evaluated by 1H NMR analysis of the liquid reaction products) was found for the biochar sample prepared at 700 °C; the activated biochar catalyst prepared at the same temperature showed a higher biodiesel conversion (74%), which can be attributed to its superior specific surface area. The best catalytic efficiency (biodiesel conversion of 93%) was observed for the coffee husk ashes, which is consistent with the higher contents of Ca and K salts in the ashes in comparison with the biochar samples. Reuse tests conducted with the ashes samples showed an efficiency reduction after the second cycle (from around 90% in the first two cycles to 8% in the third cycle), due to the partial removal of active phases (mostly K-containing salts) within the reaction medium. The presented results show that coffee husks are a cheap and environmentally viable source for the production of materials of interest in heterogeneous catalysis, with no need for chemical modification to achieve good efficiency.
- Subjects
HETEROGENEOUS catalysts; CATALYST synthesis; BIOCHAR; HETEROGENEOUS catalysis; NUCLEAR magnetic resonance; VEGETABLE oils; INORGANIC compounds; SOY oil
- Publication
BioEnergy Research, 2023, Vol 16, Issue 3, p1746
- ISSN
1939-1234
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s12155-022-10516-z