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- Title
Investigation and probabilistic health risk assessment of pesticide residues in cucumber, tomato, and okra fruits from Khuzestan, Iran.
- Authors
Khoshnam, Farzaneh; Ziaee, Masumeh; Daei, Mina; Mahdavi, Vahideh; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin
- Abstract
In this study, 30 pesticide residues in 45 fresh-eating cucumber, tomato, and okra fruit samples collected from the Khuzestan province as the main agricultural products in Iran using the QuEChERS extraction method were analyzed. In addition, noncarcinogen and carcinogen health risk assessments were evaluated. Results indicated that 93% of cucumber samples had at least one pesticide, of course, less than the maximum residue limit (MRL). All tomato and okra fruit samples were contaminated by diazinon. All pesticides detected in tomato samples were below national MRL except for thiamethoxam in four samples. In okra fruit samples, all detected diazinon and malathion, but only tebuconazole fungicide exceeded MRL. In addition, the hazard index (HI) was 0.23 and 1.06 in cucumber samples, 0.33 and 1.51 in tomato samples, and 5.5E-03 and 0.025 in okra fruit samples in adults and children, respectively. The use of cucumber and tomato may have notable risks in the short term in children group age. Ranking based on total CR was 1.2E-05 in tomato, 7.7E-06 for cucumber, and in okra 9.1E-11 because of the difenoconazole residue. However, significant carcinogenic risk threatens cucumber and tomato consumers.
- Subjects
KHUZISTAN (Iran); IRAN; HEALTH risk assessment; PESTICIDE residues in food; CUCUMBERS; OKRA; PESTICIDE pollution; FRUIT; FARM produce; PESTICIDES
- Publication
Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 2022, Vol 29, Issue 17, p25953
- ISSN
0944-1344
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11356-022-19041-0