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- Title
Stress Fractures of the Ribs and Upper Extremities: Causation, Evaluation, and Management.
- Authors
Miller, Timothy; Harris, Joshua; Kaeding, Christopher
- Abstract
Stress fractures are common troublesome injuries in athletes and non-athletes. Historically, stress fractures have been thought to predominate in the lower extremities secondary to the repetitive stresses of impact loading. Stress injuries of the ribs and upper extremities are much less common and often unrecognized. Consequently, these injuries are often omitted from the differential diagnosis of rib or upper extremity pain. Given the infrequency of this diagnosis, few case reports or case series have reported on their precipitating activities and common locations. Appropriate evaluation for these injuries requires a thorough history and physical examination. Radiographs may be negative early, requiring bone scintigraphy or MRI to confirm the diagnosis. Nonoperative and operative treatment recommendations are made based on location, injury classification, and causative activity. An understanding of the most common locations of upper extremity stress fractures and their associated causative activities is essential for prompt diagnosis and optimal treatment.
- Subjects
ARM injuries; TREATMENT of fractures; SCAPULA injuries; DIAGNOSIS of bone fractures; ALGORITHMS; RIB injuries; DIFFERENTIAL diagnosis; ELBOW fractures; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BONE fractures; HAND injuries; MEDICAL information storage &; retrieval systems; MAGNETIC resonance imaging; MEDICAL history taking; MEDLINE; ONLINE information services; PHYSICAL diagnosis; RADIONUCLIDE imaging; RADIUS bone injuries; SPORTS injuries; TOMOGRAPHY; WOUNDS &; injuries; STRESS fractures (Orthopedics); WRIST injuries; HUMERUS injuries; SYSTEMATIC reviews; EVIDENCE-based medicine; DECISION making in clinical medicine; ULNA injuries; SPORTS participation; SYMPTOMS; DIAGNOSIS; THERAPEUTICS; INJURY risk factors
- Publication
Sports Medicine, 2013, Vol 43, Issue 8, p665
- ISSN
0112-1642
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s40279-013-0048-7