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- Title
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced norepinephrine transporter availability in right attention networks: a (S,S)-O-[<sup>11</sup>C]methylreboxetine positron emission tomography study.
- Authors
Ulke, Christine; Rullmann, Michael; Huang, Jue; Luthardt, Julia; Becker, Georg-Alexander; Patt, Marianne; Meyer, Philipp M.; Tiepolt, Solveig; Hesse, Swen; Sabri, Osama; Strauß, Maria
- Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) has been suggested to play a critical role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this prospective controlled study we tested the a-priori-hypothesis that central NET availability is altered in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls. Study participants underwent single positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI). MRI sequences included high resolution T1-MPRAGE data for regions of interest (ROI) delineation and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery for detection and exclusion of pathological abnormalities. NET availability was assessed by NET-selective (S,S)-O-[11C]methylreboxetine; regional distribution volume ratios (DVR) were calculated based on individual PET-MRI data co-registration and a multi-linear reference tissue model with two constraints (MRTM2; reference region: occipital cortex). VBM analysis revealed no difference in local distribution of gray matter between the 20 ADHD patients (9 females, age 31.8 ± 7.9 years, 488 ± 8 MBq injected activity) and the 20 age-matched and sex-matched control participants (9 females, age 32.3 ± 7.9 years, 472 ± 72 MBq). In mixed-model repeated-measures analysis with NET availability as dependent and ROI as repeated measure we found a significant main effect group in fronto-parietal-thalamic-cerebellar regions (regions on the right: F1,25 = 12.30, p =.002; regions on the left: F1,41 = 6.80, p =.013) indicating a reduced NET availability in ADHD patients. None of the other investigated brain regions yielded significant differences in NET availability between groups after applying a Benjamini-Hochberg correction at a significance level of 0.05. Overall our findings demonstrate the pathophysiological involvement of NET availability in adult ADHD.
- Publication
Translational Psychiatry, 2019, Vol 9, Issue 1, pN.PAG
- ISSN
2158-3188
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1038/s41398-019-0619-y