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- Title
A gradient four-layered gelatin methacrylate/agarose construct as an injectable scaffold for mimicking osteochondral tissue.
- Authors
Mokhtarzade, Ali; Imani, Rana; Shokrollahi, Parvin
- Abstract
Due to complexity of the osteochondral (OC) lesion sites, injectable hydrogels, as minimally invasive approach, are promising OC tissue engineering scaffolds. Here, a gradient gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/agarose structure is proposed to mimic the native OC and develop injectable hydrogels for potential OC repair. Using different hydrogel concentrations (10 and 15% w/v) and adjusting GelMA: agarose ratio (95:5, 90:10, and 85:15), an injectable four-layered scaffold was designed, in which the lower and upper layers mimic osseous and chondral ECM, respectively. The layers possessed porosity ranging 76–96% and average pore size of ~ 115 μm. The four-layered scaffold showed a uniform swelling, with no layers' disintegration upon swelling. Degradation examinations indicated a uniform weight loss process for all layers, with average residual weights after four weeks vary from 48 to 58%. Compressive moduli of the layers were registered between 12 and 76 kPa, and the layers preserved their structures up to ~ 40% and 70% at 10% w/v and 15% w/v compositions, respectively. In addition, the layers showed appropriate injectability with viscosity values of 13.05–68.19 Pa.s at 50% torque. Cytotoxicity assay demonstrated viability above 91 and 86% after 1 and 7 days, respectively. Overall, the results indicate the scaffold's potential as an excellent injectable, gradient structure for future OC tissue engineering application.
- Subjects
METHACRYLATES; AGAROSE; TISSUE scaffolds; TISSUE engineering; HYDROGELS; POLYCAPROLACTONE; GELATIN
- Publication
Journal of Materials Science, 2023, Vol 58, Issue 13, p5735
- ISSN
0022-2461
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10853-023-08374-x