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- Title
Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains.
- Authors
Sadowska-Bartosz, Izabela; Bartosz, Grzegorz; Jerz, Gerold
- Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
- Subjects
BETALAINS; BEETS; AMINO acid residues; PLANT vacuoles; COMMON bean
- Publication
Molecules, 2021, Vol 26, Issue 9, p2520
- ISSN
1420-3049
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/molecules26092520