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- Title
Differential effects of two phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in mice.
- Authors
Kang, Dong Ho; Ahn, Sunjoo; Chae, Jung Woo; Song, Jin Sook
- Abstract
Background: Several phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have emerged as potential therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of two selective PDE4 inhibitors, roflumilast and zatolmilast, against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Results: In BV-2 cells, the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast reduced the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation. Moreover, mice administered roflumilast had significantly reduced TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 levels in plasma and brain tissues. By contrast, zatolmilast, a PDE4D inhibitor, showed no anti-neuroinflammatory effects in vitro or in vivo. Next, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds in the brain were performed. The apparent permeability coefficients of 3 µM roflumilast and zatolmilast were high (> 23 × 10–6 cm/s) and moderate (3.72–7.18 × 10–6 cm/s), respectively, and increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the MDR1-MDCK monolayer. The efflux ratios were < 1.92, suggesting that these compounds are not P-glycoprotein substrates. Following oral administration, both roflumilast and zatolmilast were slowly absorbed and eliminated, with time-to-peak drug concentrations of 2–2.3 h and terminal half-lives of 7–20 h. Assessment of their brain dispositions revealed the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficients of roflumilast and zatolmilast to be 0.17 and 0.18, respectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest that roflumilast, but not zatolmilast, has the potential for use as a therapeutic agent against neuroinflammatory diseases.
- Subjects
PHOSPHODIESTERASE inhibitors; ORAL drug administration; NEUROINFLAMMATION; CENTRAL nervous system; MICE; P-glycoprotein
- Publication
BMC Neuroscience, 2023, Vol 24, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
1471-2202
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1186/s12868-023-00810-7