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- Title
CAUSAL EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED IMMUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS.
- Authors
Greiner, D. James; Rubin, Donald B.
- Abstract
Despite their ubiquity, observational studies to infer the causal effect of a so-called immutable characteristic, such as race or sex, have struggled for coherence, given the unavailability of a manipulation analogous to a "treatment" in a randomized experiment and the danger of posttreatment bias. We demonstrate that a shift in focus from actual traits to perceptions of them can address both of these issues while facilitating articulation of other critical concepts, particularly the timing of treatment assignment. We illustrate concepts by discussing the designs of various studies of the role of race in trial court death penalty decisions.
- Subjects
APPEARANCE discrimination; RACE discrimination in criminal justice administration; SUBLIMINAL perception; PHYSICAL characteristics (Human body); CAPITAL punishment; DISCRIMINATION in capital punishment; TRIAL courts; PERCEPTION (Philosophy)
- Publication
Review of Economics & Statistics, 2011, Vol 93, Issue 3, p775
- ISSN
0034-6535
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1162/REST_a_00110