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- Title
Zero Thermal Noise in Resistors at Zero Temperature.
- Authors
Kish, Laszlo B.; Niklasson, Gunnar A.; Granqvist, Claes-Göran
- Abstract
The bandwidth of transistors in logic devices approaches the quantum limit, where Johnson noise and associated error rates are supposed to be strongly enhanced. However, the related theory - asserting a temperature-independent quantum zero-point (ZP) contribution to Johnson noise, which dominates the quantum regime - is controversial and resolution of the controversy is essential to determine the real error rate and fundamental energy dissipation limits of logic gates in the quantum limit. The Callen-Welton formula (fluctuation-dissipation theorem) of voltage and current noise for a resistance is the sum of Nyquist's classical Johnson noise equation and a quantum ZP term with a power density spectrum proportional to frequency and independent of temperature. The classical Johnson-Nyquist formula vanishes at the approach of zero temperature, but the quantum ZP term still predicts non-zero noise voltage and current. Here, we show that this noise cannot be reconciled with the Fermi-Dirac distribution, which defines the thermodynamics of electrons according to quantum-statistical physics. Consequently, Johnson noise must be nil at zero temperature, and non-zero noise found for certain experimental arrangements may be a measurement artifact, such as the one mentioned in Kleen's uncertainty relation argument.
- Subjects
THERMAL noise; LOGIC devices; TRANSISTORS; ERROR rates; ENERGY dissipation; CURRENT noise (Electricity); ZERO-point field
- Publication
Fluctuation & Noise Letters, 2016, Vol 15, Issue 3, p1
- ISSN
0219-4775
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1142/S0219477516400010