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- Title
The choice of embedding media affects image quality, tissue R<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup>, and susceptibility behaviors in post‐mortem brain MR microscopy at 7.0T.
- Authors
Dusek, Petr; Madai, Vince Istvan; Huelnhagen, Till; Bahn, Erik; Matej, Radoslav; Sobesky, Jan; Niendorf, Thoralf; Acosta‐Cabronero, Julio; Wuerfel, Jens
- Abstract
Purpose: The quality and precision of post‐mortem MRI microscopy may vary depending on the embedding medium used. To investigate this, our study evaluated the impact of 5 widely used media on: (1) image quality, (2) contrast of high spatial resolution gradient‐echo (T1 and T2*‐weighted) MR images, (3) effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*), and (4) quantitative susceptibility measurements (QSM) of post‐mortem brain specimens. Methods: Five formaldehyde‐fixed brain slices were scanned using 7.0T MRI in: (1) formaldehyde solution (formalin), (2) phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), (3) deuterium oxide (D2O), (4) perfluoropolyether (Galden), and (5) agarose gel. SNR and contrast‐to‐noise ratii (SNR/CNR) were calculated for cortex/white matter (WM) and basal ganglia/WM regions. In addition, median R2* and QSM values were extracted from caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, WM, and cortical regions. Results: PBS, Galden, and agarose returned higher SNR/CNR compared to formalin and D2O. Formalin fixation, and its use as embedding medium for scanning, increased tissue R2*. Imaging with agarose, D2O, and Galden returned lower R2* values than PBS (and formalin). No major QSM offsets were observed, although spatial variance was increased (with respect to R2* behaviors) for formalin and agarose. Conclusions: Embedding media affect gradient‐echo image quality, R2*, and QSM in differing ways. In this study, PBS embedding was identified as the most stable experimental setup, although by a small margin. Agarose and Galden were preferred to formalin or D2O embedding. Formalin significantly increased R2* causing noisier data and increased QSM variance.
- Publication
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2019, Vol 81, Issue 4, p2688
- ISSN
0740-3194
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/mrm.27595