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- Title
Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on acute toxicity of pyrethrins to Hyalella azteca.
- Authors
Giddings, Jeffrey; Gagne, James; Sharp, Janice
- Abstract
A series of acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca was performed to quantify the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on pyrethrin toxicity. Concentrations of PBO <4 µg/L caused no toxicity enhancement, whereas toxicity increased with PBO concentrations between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L. Additive toxicity calculations showed that true synergism accounted for an increase in pyrethrin toxicity (decrease in median lethal concentration) of 1.4-fold to 1.6-fold and varied only slightly between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L PBO, whereas direct toxicity of PBO accounted for an additional increase in mixture toxicity (up to 3.2-fold) that was proportional to PBO concentration. The results can be used to assess the risk of measured or predicted co-occurring concentrations of PBO and pyrethrins in surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2111-2116. © 2016 SETAC
- Subjects
HYALELLA azteca; PIPERONYL butoxide; PESTICIDES; PYRETHRINS; TOXICITY testing
- Publication
Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 2016, Vol 35, Issue 8, p2111
- ISSN
0730-7268
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/etc.3373