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- Title
Exploring Temporal and Spatial Trends in PM2.5 Concentrations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia: Insights for Air Quality Management.
- Authors
Ahmad Rusmili, Siti Hasliza; Mohamad Hamzah, Firdaus; Abdul Maulud, Khairul Nizam; Latif, Mohd Talib
- Abstract
Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns (PM2.5) contributes to air pollution problems in every country. This study aims to determine the relationship between PM2.5 concentration over time, trends, seasonal factors, and spatial changes in the Klang Valley in Peninsular Malaysia. The study region includes eight stations spread across three states in Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Selangor, using data provided by the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE) from 2018 to 2021. Statistical analysis using nonparametric regression reveals a significant difference (p-value < 0.05) which shows no relationship between PM2.5 concentration over time. The concentration of PM2.5 at the breakpoint has been trending similarly over four years at all stations. The yearly trend of PM2.5 concentration from 2018 to 2021 shows below the unhealthy level at the breakpoint of PM2.5 (55.5–150.4 µg/m3) from the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). The PM2.5 concentration is higher between Jun and September, indicating the Southwest monsoon or dry season. By using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), there is an evident change in the breakpoint concentration of PM2.5 in August and September 2019 between 36.4–42.8 µg/m3 and 65.1–78.6 µg/m3, respectively, which September approaches the Unhealthy level based on PM2.5 breakpoint in the Air Pollutant Index (API). In comparison, the Putrajaya station, located in the urban area, has the highest PM2.5 concentration breakpoint (78.6 µg/m3) of any station. The government can directly utilise this study's findings with guidance on managing air quality and health issues as well as crucial details on the long-term health concerns for residents of the study area.
- Publication
Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 2024, Vol 235, Issue 6, p1
- ISSN
0049-6979
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s11270-024-07204-3