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- Title
SIDE EFFECTS OF COVID VACCINES AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF GRAPHENE.
- Authors
ANILANMERT, Beril; RAYIMOGLU, Gülten; CAVUS YONAR, Fatma
- Abstract
The safety of COVID-19 vaccines became a concern for the masses, after the increasing number of reports of serious cardiac and neurological complications as blood clotting, Bell's palsy, myocarditis, cerebral venous thrombosis, etc., following the administration of specific vaccines. Till February 2022, more than 130 million COVID 19 vaccine doses had been distributed in France. During the first year of vaccination: 128,766 adverse events (AE) were reported. -40,000 AE reported per year for all drugs in the pre-pandemic years [1]. The majority of a COVID-19 vaccines, work by expressing spike in the cells by infecting the cells with an adenovirus carrying a spike gene (AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccines) or by transfecting them with a spike mRNA (Pfizer and Moderna vaccines) and finally spike is recognized by the immune system as an antigen, triggering an immune response to SARS-CoV-2. However, there are some negative consequences with this mechanism: Spike mediated cell-cell fusion occurs resulting with syncytia [2].TMPRSS2, TMEM16F, phosphatidylserine and cholesterol are the endogenous elements enhancing syncytia. Syncytia are formed by S on infected cells, via interacting with ACE2 on other cells. Antibodies against spike protein S1 have been shown to have a high affinity toward other human tissue proteins, leading to autoimmune tissue damage in susceptible individuals [3]. Inducing IFN1 repeatedly with mRNA vaccines, can lead to depression and cognitive slowing. IFN-I stimulates cytokine storm. Exposure to spike protein can occur by natural infection or in higher amounts by repeated mRNA vaccination [4]. The amount and duration of spike protein exposure, age, cellular autophagy, and activation, function and regulation of p53 affects the formation of neurodegeneration. The fusion of endothelial cells among themselves or with other cells e.g. platelets, can result in thrombosis, while the fusion of neurons may lead to neurological complications [2]. CD16+ monocytes can generate spike protein for months after vaccination. Presence of mRNA given in stabilized form in the body or reverse transcribed mRNA to DNA might be responsible for this phenomena [5]. Spike has been optimized as a less fusogenic form in some vaccines when compared with Astra Zeneca [6]. The structure of the spike protein was slightly changed during manufacture through two mutations hindering a conformational change induced by binding to ACE2. This decreased cell fusion by several fold. So it is expected that the incidence of adverse effects would decrease. No manufacturer have yet mutated the S2' subunit, which includes the fusion peptide. Spike protein crosses the brain- endothelial cell barrier. Inactive vaccines as Sinovac would have an intermediate frequency of adverse effects since spike proteins in inactivated viruses can also cause cell fusion and syncytia according to the amount of injected inactive viruses. However, the reported side effects are less than mRNA vaccines. Different nucleotide compositions of RNA in different brands of vaccines have been reported to influence the immunization and reactogenicity of the vaccines at different levels. Additional complications may appear if the dose is not adjusted according to the geriatric and pediatric groups, and pregnants regarding the fetus. Since the mutations in the gene coding S protein, which is the basic leg of the vaccines lead to new variants [7], serious concerns exist about the reduction in the vaccine efficacy. However, the advantage of VLP as in Turkovac (Turkey) is that the immune responses are produced through some parts of the spike protein (S) and matrix (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. In the studies on Turkovac, no anaphylaxis or any serious side effects were reported except one myocarditis case with a 55 year old individual who was performing heavy sports [8]. Severe side effects as myocarditis, pericarditis, thrombosis, thromboembolism, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, anaphylaxis, which cause hesitation in the uninfected healthy community have emerged with mostly AstraZeneca and mRNA vaccines as Moderna and Pfizer. Lymphadenopathy, bleeding, arthritis, heartburn, decrease in memory brain fogging/reduced mental clarity/attention, vertigo-like symptoms, paralysis, incoordination, palpitations, heat/cold intolerance are among the symptoms associated with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Since the end of 2021 and throughout 2022, young age excess mortality has substantially increased in many European countries along with the progressing vaccination activities [9]. More deaths were reported in England in 2021 among 15-29 years old individuals, compared with the average of 5 years before the coronavirus pandemic (Table 1). Higher rates of myocarditis and pericarditis were determined in comparison to the rates in unvaccinated individuals [10].
- Subjects
VACCINATION complications; PFIZER Inc.; BELL'S palsy; COVID-19 vaccines; BLOOD coagulation; VACCINE effectiveness; FETUS; SUGAMMADEX; HYDROXYCHOLESTEROLS
- Publication
Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 2023, Vol 27, p21
- ISSN
2630-6344
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.29228/jrp.557