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- Title
Atherogenic Biomarkers and Gingival Bleeding Among Smokers.
- Authors
Mittal, Swati; Maki Komiyama; Hajime Yamakage; Noriko Satoh-Asahara; Akihiro Yasoda; Hiromichi Wada; Masafumi Funamoto; Kana Shimizu; Yasufumi Katanasaka; Yoichi Sunagawa; Tatsuya Morimoto; Yuko Takahashi; Takeo Nakayama; Koji Hasegawa
- Abstract
Objectives: Smoking is a significant risk factor for gingivitis and has detrimental effects on both oral health and the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to evaluate the association between cardiovascular biomarkers and gingival bleeding among smokers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprising 60 smokers (mean age, 59.9±13.7 years) was conducted at an outpatient smoking cessation clinic. The smokers were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of gingival bleeding, which was assessed by probing. α1-antitrypsin low-density lipoprotein complex (AT-LDL), an oxidatively modified LDL complex, causes progressive atherosclerosis. The clinical characteristics and blood markers including AT-LDL levels were measured in these patients. Results: Significantly higher (p=0.03) levels of AT-LDL, an oxidized LDL complex that promotes atherosclerosis, were observed among smokers with no gingival bleeding on probing when compared to that among smokers with gingival bleeding. The pocket depths in smokers without gingival bleeding were significantly (p=0.04) lower than those among smokers with gingival bleeding. Conclusion: The absence of gingival bleeding among smokers was associated with higher levels of AT-LDL. These findings could indicate reduced blood flow due to atherosclerosis among smokers with no gingival bleeding.
- Subjects
SMOKING; BIOMARKERS; GINGIVAL hemorrhage; ORAL health; LOW density lipoproteins
- Publication
E Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2024, Vol 12, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2147-1924
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.32596/ejcm.galenos.2024.2023-17-44